Saturday, June 1, 2013

The rise of megacities

By 2025, the developing world, as we understand it now, will be home to 29 megacities. We explore the latest UN estimates and forecasts on the growth of these 'cities on steroids', and take a look at the challenges and opportunities megacities present for the tens of millions living in Lagos, Mexico City and Dhaka

Shanghai 


 1. Rise of the megacities

Sixty-two years ago New York and Tokyo were the world's only megacities – 'urban agglomerations' with over 10 million residents.
Now there are 23, and by 2025 the UN predicts nine new megacities in Asia will help bring the total to 37. All but eight will be in the developing world – and the quality of life for millions will be determined by the quality of their cities.
This map shows the 100 most populous cities as of 2012 according to the UN – megacities are shown with a black border.
  

2. The city that never slept

At the start of the 20th century New York overtook London to become the largest city in the world.

 
New York City in the 50s
By 1950, when our data starts, New York was one of only two megacities in existence. Recently, the city's growth has slowed – and where it once topped the megacities league, it is currently fourth and will slip to sixth by 2025.

3. Big in Japan

Devastated by an earthquake in 1923 and American bombers in 1945, a resurgent Tokyo became the largest city in the world by 1955. Spurred by the arrival of the 1964 Olympics, the Japanese capital's growth far outstripped that of New York through the 60s and 70s, as futuristic highways and bullet train attracted people to the leading city in Asia.

 
Tokyo in the 60s and 70s
Tokyo is forecast to remain 'the world's most populous urban agglomeration' in 2025 – with 37.2 million residents more people live there than in Canada – but Tokyo's growth has ground to a halt and fast-growing rivals such as Delhi, Shanghai and Mumbai are closing in.

4. Living on the edge

 Millions of rural families poured into São Paulo in the 60s and 70s to make it South America's first megacity. The Lincoln Institute map shows the city's chaotic and unplanned growth, as new arrivals were pushed into massive slum settlements, known as favelas.


 
View historical maps
Bulldozing of favelas, which began under Brazil's military dictatorship in the 60s, has been replaced by government attempts to upgrade amenities in the favelas. But São Paulo's subtropical climate and steep hillsides create severe drainage problems in its sewerless slums, often endangering local drinking water supplies.

5. Lagos' waterborne future

With climate change pushing up sea levels and coastal erosion chipping away at the shoreline, thousands of homes and livelihoods built on west Africa's densely populated coast are washed away each year. How Lagos – Africa's largest city – reacts to the encroaching waters is a crucial test case for other countries.

Lagos: living off the water
One possible solution: buildings that float. Nigerian architect Kunle Adeyemi envisions waterborne communities living in triangular structures that capture solar energy and rainwater.

Makoko floating school project
While the government is reluctant to make the dozens of settlements that crowd the city's waters permanent, a prototype of the idea – a floating primary school – has received tentative backing from local authorities.

6. Unclogging Mexico City's arteries

Ten years ago Mexico City was the most polluted place in the world, according to the UN, with vehicles responsible for half of the contamination.
Since then, the government has prioritised modes of transport aimed at reducing pollution – and congestion. With 6m cars on the city's roads, average commutes are between three and four hours.

On the road to cleaner air
A new bus network with dedicated lanes and a bike-sharing scheme are gradually persuading Mexico City's citizens to leave the cars at home – and providing a model for other cities experiencing the same growing pains.

7. Healthcare black hole

Dhaka's sprawling slums are testament to its struggle to accommodate millions of new residents. Land is so scarce people have filled in rivers to make space for new housing. Mass evictions are on the rise as landowners clear out slums to make way for more profitable building projects.

The government's refusal to acknowledge that 40% of people in Dhaka are slum dwellers means public service budgets – and basic facilities like water and electricity – are not being extended.
Since no healthcare facilities are provided in the slums, Dhaka's newest – and poorest – residents are facing a healthcare black hole. Those who most often fall through the cracks are women. While urbanisation presents significant advantages for rural women and girls, not least the opportunity to join the burgeoning female workforce in garment factories and middle-class households, women in the slums are left without antenatal or child healthcare.

The Manoshi project, run by NGO Brac, is helping 4.1 million female slum dwellers access these services.  

8. Pearl River's progress

Four of the world's existing megacities are in China – and by 2025 there will be three more.
The Pearl River Delta, north of Hong Kong, has seen some of the fastest urban expansion in history, as these false-colour satellite images from Nasa show.

1979
 

2003

View from space: before and after
The first, from 1979, was taken a year before the government declared the area around Shenzhen, once a simple fishing village, a special economic zone in an effort to attract foreign investment. The second image shows a staggering transformation has taken place, with much of the red (representing vegetation) replaced with grey (buildings, roads and car parks).

Now Chinese planners hope to merge nine cities in the delta – from Guangzhou to Shenzhen – to create a 16,000 square mile urban area that will be 26 times larger than Greater London. Over the next six years, £190bn will be spent integrating transport, energy, water and telecommunications networks.

9. Explore the data

Click 'finish tour' below to start exploring. Click on an individual city to see a chart of its populations, and how its growth compares with that of the country as a whole.
You can return here at any time by clicking 'Restart tour' above.


 • Get the data

Data summary

UN cities estimates and predictions

Urban Agglomeration
Country
1950 (000s)
2010 (000s)
2025 (000s)
Kabul Afghanistan 128.93 3052 5125.92
El Djazaïr (Algiers) Algeria 516.45 2850.91 3976.73
Wahran (Oran) Algeria 268.94 775.67 1025.7
Huambo Angola 15.31 1038.58 1996.75
Luanda Angola 138.41 4790.14 8924.04
Buenos Aires Argentina 5097.61 13369.92 15524.25
Córdoba Argentina 429.25 1532.25 1891.74
La Plata Argentina 299.5 746.76 939.69
Mendoza Argentina 245.8 942.14 1178.67
Rosario Argentina 554.48 1264.24 1567.02
San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina 223.76 853.45 1072.92
Yerevan Armenia 341.43 1113.01 1238.44
Adelaide Australia 429.28 1181.21 1535.25
Brisbane Australia 441.72 1993.01 2627.06
Melbourne Australia 1331.97 3896.07 4962.48
Perth Australia 310.76 1617.41 2121.15
Sydney Australia 1689.94 4478.61 5646.01
Wien (Vienna) Austria 1615.06 1707.65 1942.73
Baku Azerbaijan 896.76 2061.84 2898.8
Chittagong Bangladesh 288.85 5069.18 8031.94
Dhaka Bangladesh 335.76 14929.65 22906.34
Khulna Bangladesh 41.45 1722.63 2804.68
Rajshahi Bangladesh 38.97 900.34 1492.82
Minsk Belarus 284.22 1846.99 2030.98
Antwerpen Belgium 758.93 955.79 1062.54
Bruxelles-Brussel Belgium 1414.67 1933.29 2165.93
Cotonou Benin 20.17 881.89 1516.64
La Paz Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 319.25 1677.86 2421.06
Santa Cruz Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 42.22 1653.07 2538.62
Aracaju Brazil 68.94 748.09 973.71
Baixada Santista Brazil 245.55 1658.96 2022.54
Belém Brazil 242.09 2038.23 2519.24
Belo Horizonte Brazil 411.87 5406.83 6556.91
Brasília Brazil 35.53 3701.17 4933.29
Campinas Brazil 151.98 2794.15 3497.78
Campo Grande Brazil 31.71 775.13 984.5
Cuiabá Brazil 27.48 788.59 983.51
Curitiba Brazil 157.55 3118.14 3989.7
Florianópolis Brazil 67.63 1010.09 1394.77
Fortaleza Brazil 263.82 3519.53 4438.74
Goiânia Brazil 53.39 2048.88 2644.12
Grande São Luís Brazil 119.78 1303.83 1670.34
Grande Vitória Brazil 84.77 1665.89 2094.57
João Pessoa Brazil 117.4 1066.63 1416.94
Maceió Brazil 123.44 1154.4 1475.43
Manaus Brazil 89.61 1798.38 2390.48
Natal Brazil 107.54 1252.44 1724.36
Norte/Nordeste Catarinense Brazil 64.27 1114 1420.49
Pôrto Alegre Brazil 488.32 3891.72 4627.23
Recife Brazil 660.57 3684.32 4454.78
Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2950.24 11867.24 13621.29
Salvador Brazil 403.28 3946.58 5216.83
São Paulo Brazil 2334.04 19649.37 23174.74
Sorocaba Brazil 77.05 776.09 1061.43
Teresina Brazil 54.18 901.64 1120.87
Sofia Bulgaria 521.94 1175.26 1212.34
Ouagadougou Burkina Faso 33.04 1911.19 4794.94
Phnum Pénh (Phnom Penh) Cambodia 364 1508.88 2189.97
Douala Cameroon 94.77 2348.05 3983.05
Yaoundé Cameroon 31.64 2320.06 3997.45
Calgary Canada 132.07 1190.83 1528.17
Edmonton Canada 163.47 1120.75 1427.46
Montréal Canada 1343.46 3808.09 4628.32
Ottawa-Gatineau Canada 282.33 1190.58 1493.63
Québec Canada 268.27 745.71 941.9
Toronto Canada 1068.3 5484.83 6682.06
Vancouver Canada 556.37 2235.46 2764.61
N'Djaména Chad 22.4 1037.51 1870.22
Concepción Chile 167.56 757.6 955.06
Santiago Chile 1321.65 5958.54 7088.88
Valparaíso Chile 327.83 873.75 1073.72
Anshan, Liaoning China 455.25 1662.41 2314.22
Anyang China 112.97 1129.38 1529.78
Baoding China 173.7 1148.21 1670.15
Baoji China 118.27 901.32 1393.21
Baotou China 104.23 1931.03 2568.06
Beijing China 1671.36 14999.55 22632.76
Bengbu China 168.24 914.28 1360.37
Benxi China 335.41 968.28 1310.92
Changchun China 764.62 3597.82 5173.28
Changde China 88.81 923.67 1312.5
Changsha, Hunan China 577.08 3212.09 4941.86
Changshu China 4.7 742.3 1109.21
Changzhou, Jiangsu China 149.24 2322.65 3534.52
Chengdu China 646.16 6397.34 9965.07
Chifeng China 111.5 841.52 1197.16
Chongqing China 1566.97 9732.29 13627.14
Cixi China 3.16 781.03 1079.07
Dalian China 715.9 3305.44 4483.21
Dandong China 132.85 795.08 1101.74
Daqing China 180.89 1547.12 2385.63
Datong, Shanxi China 200.62 1354.61 1977.11
Dongguan, Guangdong China 91.56 7159.5 9611.67
Dongying China 21.5 949.29 1523.34
Foshan China 100.98 6207.76 9789.57
Fushun, Liaoning China 636.88 1377.34 1739
Fuxin China 171.69 821.49 1175.97
Fuyang China 45.71 874.05 1218.3
Fuzhou, Fujian China 301.11 2799.44 4235.63
Guangzhou, Guangdong China 1049.03 10485.57 15474.2
Guilin China 125.77 967.65 1407.38
Guiyang China 249.5 2457.59 3569.04
Haerbin China 726.53 5496.38 8210.15
Haicheng China 47.72 738.17 1062.2
Haikou China 106.98 1586.66 2276.43
Handan China 68.82 1250.31 2023.04
Hangzhou China 610.5 5189.28 8450.08
Hefei China 145.41 2829.54 5044.06
Hengyang China 97.37 1099.22 1670.41
Hohhot China 122.1 1446.29 2237.3
Huai'an China 64.31 1262.1 2023.37
Huaibei China 44.86 962.57 1565.46
Huainan China 252.86 1396.08 2063.69
Huangshi China 149.22 760.55 1055.46
Huizhou China 48.63 1760.45 2991.26
Huludao China 6.18 795.43 1278.5
Huzhou China 56.65 789.78 1229.89
Jiamusi China 131.96 817.07 1215.9
Jiangmen China 87.92 1103.25 1599.62
Jiangyin China 3.42 747.29 1132.93
Jiaozuo China 86.56 782.55 1117.39
Jiaxing China 72.81 749.34 1290.36
Jilin China 393.8 1888.95 2764.71
Jinan, Shandong China 575.92 3581.36 5317.75
Jingzhou China 77.07 1039.64 1552.67
Jining, Shandong China 79.31 1206.7 1831.5
Jinjiang China 7.96 859.49 1545.09
Jinzhou China 159.77 856.43 1148.13
Jiujiang China 24.86 758.54 1266.83
Jixi, Heilongjiang China 110.72 1042.53 1507.27
Kaohsiung China 255.52 1514.28 1909.92
Kunming China 334.29 3388.02 4820.51
Lanzhou China 335.74 2487.19 3614.68
Lianyungang China 129.72 964.54 1661.56
Liaocheng China 11.16 727.44 1192.72
Linyi, Shandong China 15.08 1426.47 1997.44
Liuzhou China 117.58 1352.7 1984.3
Lufeng China 16.39 731.58 1079.08
Luoyang China 145.42 1539.4 2201.39
Luzhou China 74.04 850.18 1243.05
Maoming China 20.54 1004.33 1656.35
Mianyang, Sichuan China 73.77 1005.79 1475.52
Mudanjiang China 136.68 782.99 1086.67
Nanchang China 343.22 2331.1 3528.56
Nanchong China 156.5 807.85 1197.87
Nanjing, Jiangsu China 1037.12 5664.95 8495.35
Nanning China 143.04 2095.8 2914.69
Nantong China 243.19 1549.88 2479.36
Nanyang, Henan China 44.27 1163.98 1996.84
Neijiang China 185.04 883.22 1288.4
Ningbo China 281.67 2632.38 4255.98
Panjin China 54.19 813.24 1233.53
Pingdingshan, Henan China 5.13 1024.06 1422.49
Pingxiang, Jiangxi China 97.97 732.02 1106.8
Puning China 15.41 911.83 1417.8
Putian China 78.9 1030.02 1752.54
Qingdao China 751.11 3679.85 5442.02
Qinhuangdao China 90.51 893.47 1280.3
Qiqihaer China 313.46 1587.63 2200.42
Quanzhou China 104.38 1062.36 1616.15
Rizhao China 6.72 816.34 1206.05
Shanghai China 4300.94 19554.06 28403.9
Shantou China 270.36 4062.45 5860.49
Shaoguan China 74.98 839.66 1191.44
Shaoxing China 39.93 873.28 1358.41
Shenyang China 2147.71 5468.77 7430.49
Shenzhen China 3.15 10222.49 15544.64
Shijiazhuang China 272.22 2740.57 4188.77
Shiyan China 52.89 737.41 1133.53
Suzhou, Jiangsu China 457.06 3248.31 5832.86
Taian, Shandong China 3.65 1239.59 1842.83
Taichung China 198.11 1139.64 1562.93
Tainan China 320.38 784.13 1040.29
Taipei China 503.1 2654.04 3309.84
Taiyuan, Shanxi China 196.51 3392.06 4987.06
Taizhou, Jiangsu China 314.97 1337.76 1802.14
Taizhou, Zhejiang China 58.44 786.26 1200.95
Tangshan, Hebei China 447.94 1871.12 2773.68
Tianjin China 2467.29 8535.26 11934.27
Ürümqi (Wulumqi) China 102.28 2954.23 5056.06
Weifang China 129.18 1699.08 2538.81
Weihai China 36.1 782.65 1364.04
Wenzhou China 151 2635.15 4041.07
Wuhan China 1068.54 8904.02 12727.34
Wuhu, Anhui China 162.62 1171.66 2121.79
Wuxi, Jiangsu China 365.88 3222.09 5141.14
Xiamen China 193.35 2701.54 4869.01
Xi'an, Shaanxi China 574.72 4845.82 6929.05
Xiangtan, Hunan China 170.53 949.52 1431.08
Xiangyang China 36.87 1531.04 2182.31
Xianyang, Shaanxi China 126.86 1019.28 1470.71
Xining China 70.19 1184.72 1814.55
Xinxiang China 155.2 1016.14 1507.42
Xuzhou China 340.59 2143.98 3462.36
Yancheng, Jiangsu China 45.58 1289.68 1936.43
Yangzhou China 170.23 1566.01 2245.28
Yantai China 91.79 1526.27 2142.57
Yichang China 58.69 980.18 1379.6
Yinchuan China 59.18 1051.84 1903.04
Yingkou China 120.1 848.74 1284.68
Yiwu China 3.14 734.95 1097.54
Yiyang, Hunan China 82.57 819.33 1132.13
Yueyang China 14.99 1155.47 1675.17
Zaozhuang China 129.77 1175.49 1756.64
Zhangjiakou China 213.59 1043.48 1535.88
Zhanjiang China 152.11 1014.44 1486.56
Zhengzhou China 195.6 3796.48 6018.7
Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China 198.63 1007.68 1589.42
Zhongshan China 55.28 2694.99 4742.26
Zhuhai China 3.13 1359 1984.39
Zhuzhou China 116.1 1025.25 1460.12
Zibo China 163.95 2456.1 3526.15
Zigong China 189.45 945.72 1312.74
Zunyi China 94.07 843.66 1374.18
Hong Kong China, Hong Kong SAR 1681.85 7053.19 8160.45
Barranquilla Colombia 294.09 1867.34 2454.22
Bogotá Colombia 630.32 8502.4 11369.1
Bucaramanga Colombia 109.97 1092.2 1501.48
Cali Colombia 230.94 2401.8 3193.72
Cartagena Colombia 106.55 962.66 1335.93
Cúcuta Colombia 69.72 774.62 1053.27
Medellín Colombia 375.96 3594.98 4872.98
Brazzaville Congo 83.39 1557.14 2363.83
Pointe-Noire Congo 16.32 807.26 1240.13
San José Costa Rica 147.73 1466.42 2115.96
Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire 65 4151.42 6970.92
Yamoussoukro Côte d'Ivoire 0.76 885.46 1960.09
La Habana (Havana) Cuba 1141.96 2127.88 2026.18
Praha (Prague) Czech Republic 934.79 1264.84 1429.55
P'yongyang Dem. People's Republic of Korea 516 2834.21 3231
Kananga Democratic Republic of the Congo 24.1 846.1 1558.83
Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo 201.9 8415.2 14535.23
Kisangani Democratic Republic of the Congo 38.3 782.78 1439.06
Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of the Congo 96.11 1485.65 2689.01
Mbuji-Mayi Democratic Republic of the Congo 70.26 1433.26 2605.88
København (Copenhagen) Denmark 1215.9 1192.36 1397.23
Santo Domingo Dominican Republic 180.28 2153.78 2868.22
Guayaquil Ecuador 258.38 2273.13 2865.42
Quito Ecuador 206.17 1597.59 2142
Al-Iskandariyah (Alexandria) Egypt 1037.46 4400.1 6189.11
Al-Qahirah (Cairo) Egypt 2493.51 11031.49 14740.29
San Salvador El Salvador 194.1 1570.45 2086.7
Addis Ababa Ethiopia 392 2918.67 4705.22
Helsinki Finland 365.63 1121.94 1304.57
Bordeaux France 430.36 840.72 1038.99
Lille France 750.56 1033.94 1251.48
Lyon France 731.48 1471.12 1785.13
Marseille-Aix-en-Provence France 755.8 1472.19 1786.41
Nice-Cannes France 399.59 979.68 1203.3
Paris France 6283.02 10516.37 12162.86
Toulouse France 268.6 916.98 1149.3
Tbilisi Georgia 611.65 1116.82 1166.89
Berlin Germany 3337.62 3450.08 3668.72
Hamburg Germany 1607.53 1786.47 1940.49
Köln (Cologne) Germany 597.72 1001.59 1095.74
München (Munich) Germany 830.98 1349.64 1510.77
Accra Ghana 177.15 2469.26 4228.21
Kumasi Ghana 99.48 1935.25 3342.51
Athínai (Athens) Greece 1347.41 3381.83 3912.06
Thessaloniki Greece 291.68 872.36 1049.62
Ciudad de Guatemala (Guatemala City) Guatemala 287.21 1128.01 1976.36
Conakry Guinea 31.34 1715.21 3195.42
Port-au-Prince Haiti 133.28 2143.46 3310.17
Tegucigalpa Honduras 72.53 1051.12 1729.82
Budapest Hungary 1617.84 1730.6 1914.35
Agra India 368.75 1714.34 2614.62
Ahmadabad India 854.96 6209.89 9599.14
Aligarh India 139.48 891.04 1399.23
Allahabad India 326.96 1204.81 1712.14
Amritsar India 339.52 1171.37 1674.86
Asansol India 92.83 1232.2 1733.46
Aurangabad India 65.45 1166.8 1801.1
Bangalore India 746 8275.03 13193.23
Bareilly India 207.02 960.89 1494.3
Bhopal India 100.26 1851.28 2785.63
Bhubaneswar India 15.62 864.91 1346.77
Chandigarh India 40.27 1009.59 1516.98
Chennai (Madras) India 1491.29 8522.5 12814.17
Coimbatore India 279.49 2095.3 3413.31
Delhi India 1369.37 21935.14 32935.01
Dhanbad India 70.61 1186.1 1654.94
Durg-Bhilainagar India 20 1054.09 1496.1
Guwahati (Gauhati) India 42.5 957.45 1386.61
Gwalior India 237.11 1084.43 1630.86
Hubli-Dharwad India 192.14 932.43 1358.83
Hyderabad India 1096.32 7577.53 11646.99
Indore India 302.23 2127.5 3233.47
Jabalpur India 250.82 1256.95 1762.57
Jaipur India 294.02 3016.72 4556.61
Jalandhar India 166.34 861.68 1276.45
Jamshedpur India 214.18 1320.01 1923.83
Jodhpur India 176.51 1116.46 1721.37
Kanpur India 688.23 2904.19 3909.78
Kochi (Cochin) India 163.08 1592.26 2284.63
Kolkata (Calcutta) India 4513.5 14283.1 18711
Kota India 63.74 978.22 1572.06
Kozhikode (Calicut) India 156.33 960.9 1328.45
Lucknow India 488.68 2854.19 4233.75
Ludhiana India 150.55 1598.3 2257.34
Madurai India 360.69 1442.86 2110.26
Meerut India 228.26 1406.12 2053.96
Moradabad India 160.48 870.61 1382.66
Mumbai (Bombay) India 2857.36 19421.98 26556.87
Mysore India 236.57 969.28 1446.6
Nagpur India 472.86 2470.89 3497.52
Nashik India 149.26 1531.36 2376.17
Patna India 276.64 2022.11 2903.93
Pune (Poona) India 580.85 4951.38 7487.31
Raipur India 87.75 1087.73 1874.18
Rajkot India 126.15 1360.9 2144.66
Ranchi India 103.11 1106.9 1689.26
Salem India 197.34 906.67 1339.39
Solapur India 272.24 945.71 1301.43
Srinagar India 247.75 1250.57 1908.72
Surat India 233.56 4438.44 7530.16
Thiruvananthapuram India 182.31 952.29 1300.97
Tiruchirappalli India 287.02 1009.05 1472.23
Tiruppur India 58.74 926.92 1698.28
Vadodara India 206.93 1793.52 2604.95
Varanasi (Benares) India 348.96 1419.04 2036.19
Vijayawada India 154.62 1453.13 2370.18
Visakhapatnam India 104.99 1700.23 2570.2
Warangal India 129.97 745.83 1151.39
Bandar Lampung Indonesia 27.71 884.37 1255.57
Bandung Indonesia 511 2399.49 3246.81
Batam Indonesia 0.2 956.96 1838.11
Bogor Indonesia 113.02 954.14 1396.2
Denpasar Indonesia 12.89 797.32 1436.22
Jakarta Indonesia 1452 9629.95 12821.89
Malang Indonesia 207.88 822.05 1144.73
Medan Indonesia 284 2100.17 2791.08
Padang Indonesia 99.56 835.71 1176.4
Palembang Indonesia 277 1455.23 1855.9
Pekan Baru Indonesia 36.59 905.92 1536.96
Samarinda Indonesia 35.86 731.59 1127.78
Semarang Indonesia 371 1558.27 2098.08
Surabaya Indonesia 679 2768.2 3633.52
Ujung Pandang Indonesia 222.64 1345.45 2017.18
Ahvaz Iran (Islamic Republic of) 85.14 1060.94 1363.25
Esfahan Iran (Islamic Republic of) 183.5 1742.6 2228.67
Karaj Iran (Islamic Republic of) 7.16 1584.49 2102.52
Kermanshah Iran (Islamic Republic of) 97.03 837.67 1066.68
Mashhad Iran (Islamic Republic of) 173.21 2653.35 3370.99
Qom Iran (Islamic Republic of) 82.24 1042.89 1344.61
Shiraz Iran (Islamic Republic of) 127.55 1299.8 1643.38
Tabriz Iran (Islamic Republic of) 235.13 1483.9 1873.06
Tehran Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1041.35 7242.71 8570.99
Al-Basrah (Basra) Iraq 115.71 923.24 1454.48
Al-Mawsil (Mosul) Iraq 144.76 1446.94 2394.51
Baghdad Iraq 579.17 5890.68 9140.96
Irbil (Erbil) Iraq 30.04 1009.2 1659.5
Najaf Iraq 98.04 753.74 1272.22
Sulaimaniya Iraq 37.03 835.95 1433.24
Dublin Ireland 626.13 1102.4 1475.53
Hefa (Haifa) Israel 203.73 1043.86 1308.61
Jerusalem Israel 120.9 778.23 1017.66
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Tel Aviv-Jaffa) Israel 418.19 3319.49 4295.43
Bergamo Italy 443.55 773.74 906.91
Milano (Milan) Italy 1883.42 2915.98 3129.25
Napoli (Naples) Italy 1497.99 2348.1 2661.83
Palermo Italy 594.2 904.35 1053.37
Roma (Rome) Italy 1884.06 3306.08 3538.26
Torino (Turin) Italy 1010.68 1620.11 1733.84
Fukuoka-Kitakyushu Japan 954.31 2845 3113.69
Hiroshima Japan 503 2103.5 2313.3
Kyoto Japan 1001.52 1804.36 1932
Nagoya Japan 991.95 3300.08 3604.56
Osaka-Kobe Japan 4146.57 11429.91 12030.79
Sapporo Japan 754.04 2714.29 2992.66
Sendai Japan 537.57 2401.09 2663.04
Tokyo Japan 11274.64 36932.78 38661.39
Amman Jordan 90.06 1149.85 1645.99
Almaty Kazakhstan 354.46 1400.45 1781.47
Mombasa Kenya 93.87 940.33 1775.09
Nairobi Kenya 137.46 3236.59 6142.87
Al Kuwayt (Kuwait City) Kuwait 62.63 2317.58 3255.17
Bishkek Kyrgyzstan 150.25 830.84 1114.15
Vientiane Lao People's Democratic Republic 34.56 766.18 1489.75
Bayrut (Beirut) Lebanon 322.36 1983.38 2426.72
Monrovia Liberia 15.16 811.71 750.54
Tarabulus (Tripoli) Libya 105.88 1110.93 1455.77
Antananarivo Madagascar 177.42 1900.11 3897.68
Lilongwe Malawi 1.84 738.17 1537.72
Johore Bahru Malaysia 46.82 1001.89 1567.46
Klang Malaysia 42.23 1131.5 1816.17
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 207.94 1523.74 2192.44
Bamako Mali 88.62 1932 3631.56
Nouakchott Mauritania 2.24 758.81 1270.54
Acapulco de Juárez Mexico 28.62 864.91 1150.69
Aguascalientes Mexico 93.55 934.27 1264.89
Chihuahua Mexico 87.48 854.23 1155.42
Ciudad de México (Mexico City) Mexico 2883.23 20142.33 24580.94
Ciudad Juárez Mexico 123.2 1332.48 1617.85
Cuernavaca Mexico 43.48 878.14 1211.09
Culiacán Mexico 49.15 836.06 1064.94
Guadalajara Mexico 403.4 4441.84 5677.82
Hermosillo Mexico 43.76 788.6 1075.22
León de los Aldamas Mexico 123.42 1612.86 2165.76
Mérida Mexico 143.22 1020.97 1343.69
Mexicali Mexico 66.19 938.38 1243
Monterrey Mexico 355.75 4099.6 5490.53
Morelia Mexico 65.18 810.38 1166.37
Puebla Mexico 227.43 2295.5 2947.12
Querétaro Mexico 49.32 1100.62 1594.36
Reynosa Mexico 34.27 728.99 1019.99
Saltillo Mexico 70.01 825.05 1138.4
San Luis Potosí Mexico 132.12 1042.03 1366.68
Tampico Mexico 136.16 762.99 990.85
Tijuana Mexico 60.34 1756.77 2489.08
Toluca de Lerdo Mexico 53.67 1702.45 2306.44
Torreón Mexico 189.02 1217.84 1604.96
Ulaanbaatar Mongolia 69.95 1137.84 1842.27
Agadir Morocco 10.68 785.62 1089.86
Dar-el-Beida (Casablanca) Morocco 625.44 3009.22 3911.28
Fès Morocco 164.59 1064.51 1455.49
Marrakech Morocco 208.84 919.45 1261.74
Rabat Morocco 145.11 1806.72 2428.89
Tanger Morocco 99.58 789.84 1100.59
Maputo Mozambique 91.85 1131.94 1822.74
Matola Mozambique 51.65 758.65 1359.54
Mandalay Myanmar 167.49 1035.16 1577.24
Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar 0 1025.88 1594.63
Yangon Myanmar 1302.46 4355.64 6345.28
Kathmandu Nepal 104.48 973.97 1787.38
Amsterdam Netherlands 850.78 1049.26 1212.34
Rotterdam Netherlands 764.23 1010.29 1154.46
Auckland New Zealand 319.18 1406.76 1885.98
Managua Nicaragua 109.9 953.52 1332.1
Niamey Niger 24.37 1222.07 2924.44
Aba Nigeria 48.49 835.65 1528.74
Abuja Nigeria 18.98 2010.28 4000.23
Benin City Nigeria 49.15 1311.01 2377.03
Enugu Nigeria 59.66 775.98 1439.44
Ibadan Nigeria 450.11 2854.98 5027.6
Ilorin Nigeria 113.56 788.19 1428.14
Jos Nigeria 31.5 747.77 1355.38
Kaduna Nigeria 34.71 1476.28 2632.91
Kano Nigeria 123.07 3270.8 5723.95
Lagos Nigeria 325.22 10788.3 18856.65
Maiduguri Nigeria 49.77 826.62 1481.86
Ogbomosho Nigeria 131.98 1038.8 1883.7
Onitsha Nigeria 74.44 866.64 1642.34
Port Harcourt Nigeria 59.75 1806.61 3371.34
Oslo Norway 468.18 897.92 1160.02
Faisalabad Pakistan 167.96 2947.03 4606.11
Gujranwala Pakistan 117.88 1712.48 2719.07
Hyderabad Pakistan 232.32 1648.03 2619.1
Islamabad Pakistan 36.47 889.01 1439.07
Karachi Pakistan 1055.38 13499.7 20190.3
Lahore Pakistan 835.77 7351.91 11190.27
Multan Pakistan 186.42 1719.69 2729.77
Peshawar Pakistan 152.82 1475.05 2352.04
Quetta Pakistan 82.76 873.75 1414.68
Rawalpindi Pakistan 233.21 2098 3311.48
Ciudad de Panamá (Panama City) Panama 170.74 1389.47 1991.56
Asunción Paraguay 257.57 2072.66 3139.34
Arequipa Peru 128.31 790.52 1057.26
Lima Peru 1065.89 8950.48 11503.37
Cebu Philippines 178.26 838.6 1247.25
Davao Philippines 124.03 1522.68 2300.42
Manila Philippines 1543.67 11653.81 16277.74
Zamboanga Philippines 107.22 856.16 1333.18
Kraków (Cracow) Poland 339.47 756.32 803.33
Warszawa (Warsaw) Poland 767.86 1717.52 1849.87
Lisboa (Lisbon) Portugal 1303.55 2824.77 3221.39
Porto Portugal 729.76 1355.1 1583.51
San Juan Puerto Rico 450.89 2478.16 2577.3
Ansan Republic of Korea 0.86 769.23 899.14
Bucheon Republic of Korea 30.9 915.14 1051.96
Busan Republic of Korea 947.77 3398.44 3330.53
Daegu Republic of Korea 355.06 2449.69 2563.74
Daejon Republic of Korea 131.48 1519.78 1699.64
Goyang Republic of Korea 39.26 967.9 1121.86
Gwangju Republic of Korea 173.98 1486.01 1659.42
Incheon Republic of Korea 257.64 2600.54 2839.42
Seongnam Republic of Korea 54.45 961.64 1077.13
Seoul Republic of Korea 1021.03 9750.69 9866.72
Suweon Republic of Korea 73.62 1139.77 1303.26
Ulsan Republic of Korea 29.43 1088.83 1220.36
Yongin Republic of Korea 50.82 737.81 929.55
Bucuresti (Bucharest) Romania 651.66 1934.64 2046.66
Chelyabinsk Russian Federation 572.87 1128.39 1236.55
Kazan Russian Federation 514.26 1142.2 1239.55
Krasnodar Russian Federation 230.31 741.05 878.41
Krasnoyarsk Russian Federation 290.31 971.6 1082.4
Moskva (Moscow) Russian Federation 5356.39 11471.64 12576.1
Nizhniy Novgorod Russian Federation 796 1252.73 1280.07
Novosibirsk Russian Federation 718.91 1471.95 1589.25
Omsk Russian Federation 444.33 1153.27 1236.34
Perm Russian Federation 498.02 991.81 1046.18
Rostov-na-Donu (Rostov-on-Don) Russian Federation 484.4 1089.19 1169.39
Samara Russian Federation 658.33 1164.66 1237.67
Sankt Peterburg (Saint Petersburg) Russian Federation 2902.79 4841.84 5142.74
Saratov Russian Federation 472.69 839.06 866.98
Ufa Russian Federation 418 1061.58 1140.82
Volgograd Russian Federation 461.06 1020.9 1089.34
Voronezh Russian Federation 331.89 888.48 978.05
Yekaterinburg Russian Federation 628.43 1348.01 1468.43
Kigali Rwanda 17.16 960.8 1834.55
Ad-Dammam Saudi Arabia 20 908.79 1399.78
Al-Madinah (Medina) Saudi Arabia 51 1106.29 1677.53
Ar-Riyadh (Riyadh) Saudi Arabia 111.12 5227.08 8090.33
Jiddah Saudi Arabia 118.53 3452.47 5221.7
Makkah (Mecca) Saudi Arabia 148.16 1542.92 2305.41
Dakar Senegal 200.86 2925.95 5063.56
Beograd (Belgrade) Serbia 432.03 1133.4 1242.83
Freetown Sierra Leone 91.55 909.77 1539.6
Singapore Singapore 1016.43 5086.42 5801.02
Muqdisho (Mogadishu) Somalia 68.96 1425.66 3309.14
Cape Town South Africa 618.05 3491.78 4388.08
Durban South Africa 483.99 2953.59 3724.49
Ekurhuleni (East Rand) South Africa 545.98 3284.08 4150.16
Johannesburg South Africa 899.88 3763.1 4732.47
Port Elizabeth South Africa 192.44 1097.08 1417.62
Pretoria South Africa 275.33 1467.71 1894.12
Vereeniging South Africa 116.7 1173.94 1522.39
Barcelona Spain 1809.39 5487.88 6510.6
Madrid Spain 1699.75 6404.63 8097.73
Valencia Spain 505.98 798.76 889.43
Al-Khartum (Khartoum) Sudan 182.69 4515.68 7089.99
Stockholm Sweden 741.08 1359.97 1694.64
Zürich (Zurich) Switzerland 493.65 1182.95 1373.7
Dimashq (Damascus) Syrian Arab Republic 366.81 2581.55 3856.03
Halab (Aleppo) Syrian Arab Republic 319.47 3067.97 4624.81
Hamah Syrian Arab Republic 124.56 892.57 1437.56
Hims (Homs) Syrian Arab Republic 100.7 1320.51 2062.58
Krung Thep (Bangkok) Thailand 1360 8213.37 11235.08
Samut Prakan Thailand 10.29 1092.57 2443.59
Lomé Togo 33.19 1453.26 2471.81
Tunis Tunisia 383.96 777.24 1018.45
Adana Turkey 137.71 1423.16 2052
Ankara Turkey 280.59 4073.83 5702.35
Antalya Turkey 26.96 877.49 1287.95
Bursa Turkey 148.45 1659.42 2388.79
Gaziantep Turkey 103.76 1159.73 1685.54
Istanbul Turkey 967.5 10952.95 14896.8
Izmir Turkey 223.82 2841.91 4019.07
Konya Turkey 96.7 1022.82 1492.44
Kampala Uganda 95.37 1593.7 3540.25
Dnipropetrovsk Ukraine 536.11 1003.32 871.55
Donetsk Ukraine 585.3 965.28 876.69
Kharkiv Ukraine 757.77 1452.7 1420.38
Krivoi Rog Ukraine 286.09 748.71 826.55
Kyiv (Kiev) Ukraine 815.41 2804.88 2969.42
Odesa Ukraine 532.48 1009.29 1052.93
Zaporizhzhya Ukraine 314.97 775.13 712.78
Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) United Arab Emirates 11.21 869.32 1724.48
Dubayy (Dubai) United Arab Emirates 20 1834.88 3484.45
Sharjah United Arab Emirates 18.72 914.37 1726.2
Birmingham United Kingdom 2228.92 2273.1 2602.61
Glasgow United Kingdom 1755.17 1140.33 1303.76
Liverpool United Kingdom 1382.31 796.8 917.96
London United Kingdom 8360.85 8923 10255.25
Manchester United Kingdom 2422.25 2215.72 2530.4
Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom 908.69 874.56 1022.24
West Yorkshire United Kingdom 1691.85 1605.2 1936.68
Dar es Salaam United Republic of Tanzania 67.31 3414.66 7275.73
Allentown-Bethlehem United States of America 226.67 759.65 980.59
Atlanta United States of America 513.15 4874.5 5970.81
Austin United States of America 137.06 1266.48 1612.64
Baltimore United States of America 1167.66 2414.71 3009.48
Birmingham United States of America 447.07 759.31 978
Boston United States of America 2550.82 4772.36 5834.38
Bridgeport-Stamford United States of America 415.14 1100.2 1403.81
Buffalo United States of America 899.31 1089.98 1388.89
Charlotte United States of America 142.33 1087.98 1391.85
Chicago United States of America 4999.06 9544.69 11433.83
Cincinnati United States of America 881.2 1756.29 2209.11
Cleveland United States of America 1392.41 2022.46 2532.39
Columbus, Ohio United States of America 441.46 1368.6 1734.72
Dallas-Fort Worth United States of America 865.62 5142.7 6278.3
Dayton United States of America 350.07 834.52 1072.57
Denver-Aurora United States of America 504.71 2491.52 3106.12
Detroit United States of America 2769.25 4364.43 5344.62
El Paso United States of America 139.35 813.26 1046.27
Hartford United States of America 425.22 982.32 1256.09
Honolulu United States of America 250.2 847.52 1088.7
Houston United States of America 709.06 4784.74 5854.22
Indianapolis United States of America 505.4 1552.36 1962.17
Jacksonville, Florida United States of America 245.51 1066.44 1361.44
Kansas City United States of America 703.19 1576.6 1988.95
Las Vegas United States of America 34.83 1995.49 2511.07
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana United States of America 4045.51 13223.02 15686.96
Louisville United States of America 475.68 1021.14 1304.79
McAllen United States of America 30.98 823.58 1063.61
Memphis United States of America 409.02 1165.39 1483.8
Miami United States of America 621.8 5970.53 7255.32
Milwaukee United States of America 836.28 1487.93 1879.67
Minneapolis-St. Paul United States of America 995.6 2801.55 3477.22
Nashville-Davidson United States of America 260.78 950.76 1218.68
New Orleans United States of America 663.86 857.58 1044.14
New York-Newark United States of America 12338.47 20104.37 23572.19
Oklahoma City United States of America 278.16 847.7 1088.27
Omaha United States of America 312.06 745.77 961.65
Orlando United States of America 75.03 1459.08 1847.24
Philadelphia United States of America 3127.81 5841.4 7095.37
Phoenix-Mesa United States of America 221.15 3830.19 4720.07
Pittsburgh United States of America 1539.2 1965.13 2462.25
Portland United States of America 515.72 2024.82 2540.1
Providence United States of America 703.4 1372.83 1739.03
Raleigh United States of America 69.28 803.41 1037.33
Richmond United States of America 259.65 984.5 1259.61
Riverside-San Bernardino United States of America 139.28 1881.88 2364.86
Rochester United States of America 411.06 814.32 1047.16
Sacramento United States of America 215.82 1729.71 2178.69
Salt Lake City United States of America 229.8 1040.17 1328.22
San Antonio United States of America 453.53 1585 2000.21
San Diego United States of America 440.14 3119.76 3859.91
San Francisco-Oakland United States of America 1855.21 3681.07 4531.23
San Jose United States of America 181.96 1789.82 2249.92
Seattle United States of America 795.35 3297.77 4076.31
St. Louis United States of America 1406.97 2350.92 2930.97
Tampa-St. Petersburg United States of America 299.53 2484.4 3095.51
Tucson United States of America 76.96 890.55 1143.19
Virginia Beach United States of America 391.12 1598.32 2015.26
Washington, D.C. United States of America 1298.29 4634.04 5669.66
Montevideo Uruguay 1211.99 1659.41 1899.31
Tashkent Uzbekistan 754.69 2212.69 2842.99
Barquisimeto Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 126.84 1215 1648.26
Caracas Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 693.87 3176.45 4168.75
Ciudad Guayana Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 4.99 779.2 1070.97
Maracaibo Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 281.86 2254.93 3008.49
Maracay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 58.42 1088.8 1478.11
Valencia Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 126.25 1820.97 2444.2
Can Tho Viet Nam 45.72 902.37 2029.06
Da Nang Viet Nam 63.45 805.38 1321.04
Hà Noi Viet Nam 260.8 2809.16 4810.06
Hai Phòng Viet Nam 121.56 888.96 1481.67
Thành Pho Ho Chí Minh (Ho Chi Minh City) Viet Nam 1213.22 6189.42 9698.52
Adan (Aden) Yemen 72 746.15 1580.65
Sana'a' Yemen 46 2293.27 4789.9
Lusaka Zambia 31.17 1718.88 3495.78
Harare Zimbabwe 142.65 1525.85 2336.58

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